RNS Announcement

Keystone Positive Change Investment Trust plc (KPC)

Legal Entity Identifier: 5493002H3JXLXLIGC563

Regulated Information Classification: Interim Financial Report

Results for the six months to 31 March 2024

Over the six months to 31 March 2024, the Company's net asset value total return was 10.7% compared to a total return of 16.3% for the comparative index*. The share price total return was 13.5% as the discount narrowed from 14.0% to 11.9%.

Keystone Positive Change's objective is to generate long-term capital growth with the aim of the NAV total return exceeding that of the MSCI AC World Index in sterling terms by at least 2 per cent. per annum over rolling five-year periods; and contribute towards a more sustainable and inclusive world by investing in companies whose products or services make a positive social or environmental impact. At 31 March 2024 the Company had total assets of £174 million.

Keystone Positive Change is managed by Baillie Gifford, an Edinburgh-based fund management group with approximately £230 billion under management and advice as at 31 March 2024.

Keystone Positive Change is a listed UK company. The value of its shares and any income from them can fall as well as rise and investors may not get back the amount invested. The Company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is not authorised or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. You can find up to date performance information about Keystone Positive Change at keystonepositivechange.com‡.

Past performance is not a guide to future performance. Total return information is sourced from LSEG/Baillie Gifford and relevant underlying index providers. See disclaimer at end of this announcement.

*    MSCI All Country World Index in sterling terms.

‡      Neither the contents of the Managers' website nor the contents of any website accessible from hyperlinks on the Managers' website (or any other website) is incorporated into, or forms part of, this announcement.

For further information please contact:

Naomi Cherry, Baillie Gifford & Co  

Tel: 0131 275 2000

Jonathan Atkins, Director, Four Communications

Tel: 0203 920 0555 or 07872 495396

The following is the unaudited Interim Financial Report for the six months to 31 March 2024 which was approved by the Board on 2 May 2024.

Responsibility statement

We confirm that to the best of our knowledge:

a.  the condensed set of Financial Statements has been prepared in accordance with FRS 104 'Interim Financial Reporting';

b.  the Interim Management Report includes a fair review of the information required by Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rule 4.2.7R (indication of important events during the first six months, their impact on the Financial Statements and a description of the principal risks and uncertainties for the remaining six months of the year); and

c.  the Interim Financial Report includes a fair review of the information required by Disclosure Guidance and Transparency Rule 4.2.8R (disclosure of related party transactions and changes therein).

On behalf of the Board

Karen Brade

Chair

2 May 2024

Interim management report

Much has happened in the three years since we took on the management of Keystone Positive Change Investment Trust, including the outbreak of war in Ukraine and the Middle East; supply chain challenges as the world re-opened post-pandemic; the end of easy monetary policy and the sharpest rise in interest rates in four decades; and increasing evidence of the devastation caused by global warming. 

Against this dynamic and complex back-drop we have remained resolutely committed to delivering on Keystone's dual objectives of generating attractive long-term investment returns and contributing towards a more sustainable and inclusive world. We continue to believe that capital owners and allocators can play a valuable role in addressing global challenges by channelling capital towards businesses that are intent on developing, scaling production of, and successfully selling products and services that will help create a more inclusive, healthier and more environmentally stable world. 

Performance

Following eleven consecutive interest rate increases in the US and fourteen in the UK, we seem to be in a period of greater calm on this front with no changes in recent months and an expectation that rates will remain stable or even fall from here. Performance in a rising interest rate environment has been more challenging for the Company which invests in 'long duration growth stocks', i.e., companies whose share prices are skewed towards cash flows generated in the future. The more stable interest rate environment is helpful for long-term growth investors. But what matters more is the strong operational progress being made by portfolio holdings as we believe it is fundamental progress in earnings that drives share prices over the long term.

Over the six months to 31 March 2024 the benchmark increased by 16.3%, the Company's share price rose by 13.5% and NAV grew by 10.7%.

Two of the larger holdings in the portfolio, TSMC and ASML, were among the top positive contributors to performance over the period, despite 2023 being a challenging year for the semiconductor industry. ASML grew revenues by 30% and TSMC outperformed its competitors, testament to the technological leadership of these companies and their willingness to invest in both capacity expansion and R&D so they can remain at the vanguard of their industries. Both companies are cautiously optimistic that end-market demand has bottomed and will recover thanks not just to demand for advanced chips enabling AI and advanced computing, but also the growing need for chips in the energy transition, for electrification and for digitalisation. Nu Holdings, the Brazilian digital bank providing access to financial services to a hundred million people in Latin America, reported phenomenal results, outpacing our predictions when we took a position when it listed in 2021. In 2023 the company grew its customer base by 26% and its average revenue per customer by 23% while achieving positive net profits for the first time. Duolingo, the leading digital language learning app, beat expectations by growing revenues by 45% with its monthly active users increasing to 88m and the percentage of paying subscribers continuing on a positive trajectory.

Detractors to performance included WuXi and Remitly. WuXi, the global leader in outsourced research and development services to many of the world's biotech and pharma companies, has been subject to tension between the US and China. The emergence of draft bills related to the BioSecure Act in the US resulted in significant share price falls. We have spoken with the CEO and some of WuXi's customers and understand the company has minimal reliance on projects at risk and that customers are not overly concerned. Geopolitical uncertainty is likely to persist with the pending US election, and we are closely monitoring the situation. However, we take comfort from steps WuXi has taken to establish its manufacturing footprint outside China to minimise geopolitical risk. 

The mobile remittance provider, Remitly, was also a detractor to performance over the six-month period, despite it performing extremely well operationally, growing its customer base and revenues by over 40% in 2023 and improving profitability as its network scales and its data advantage grows. The market seems worried about Remitly's increased marketing spending, but we see it as a necessary investment for long-term growth, as long as the return from that marketing spend remains attractive. Remitly ended the year with just under 6m customers benefiting from its fast, secure and affordable means of sending money to their families and friends in low- and middle-income countries.

One of the attractive features of the Company is its ability to invest in private companies. At the end of March 2024, 5.3% of the portfolio was invested across five private companies that are developing exciting new technologies from quantum computing to carbon removal solutions. In terms of operational progress, Boston Metal, which is commercialising a novel technology to decarbonise steel production and recover high-value metal from mining waste, was selected by the US Department of Energy to enter into negotiations for $50m of federal funding for a manufacturing plant in West Virginia; and in March 2024 it inaugurated its first facility in Brazil where it will start recovering high-value metal from mining waste at commercial scale. Carbon removal company, Climeworks, continues to sign new carbon removal agreements with customers from a range of industries, from airlines to toy manufacturers, as it works towards the launch of its new plant in Iceland in early summer. Operational progress at Swedish battery developer and manufacturer, Northvolt, has been slower than expected in a higher cost environment and for the sheer scale of what the company is trying to achieve. On a more positive note, its progress in securing long-term contracts to the value of over $55bn with esteemed partners is helping it secure financing to fund its expansion of Europe's first home-grown gigafactory and realise its plans for battery recycling.    

Interest rates and geopolitical fragility dominate the headlines, often masking the 'secret silent miracle of human progress'¹. We endeavour to find the companies contributing to human progress through products and services that address global challenges; we believe that these companies will thrive in the long term; and we believe that share prices follow fundamentals. With this in mind, it is worth highlighting the strong fundamentals of the portfolio: companies within the portfolio have delivered 10.9% annual earnings growth over the last five years compared to 8.0% for the index and are forecast to deliver 16.8%² per annum for the next three years compared to 9.4% for the index; portfolio companies have stronger balance sheets than the index with net debt/EBITDA of 1x compared to 1.6x for the index; and the portfolio holdings are investing in their future more than index constituents with capex and R&D spend equating to 19% of revenues compared to 10% for the benchmark. For these superior fundamental characteristics - faster growth, stronger balance sheets and more investment - the portfolio is on a one year forward PE of 27x, a premium of 55% to the benchmark³. This compares to a premium of 63% to the index three years ago.

Portfolio

We have made three complete sales and three new purchases for the Company over the past six months. The sale of Daikin, a leading player in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning industry, due to the emergence of new information related to its involvement in the production of white phosphorous smoke bombs used by the Japanese Ministry of Defence for training purposes, was addressed in the full year statement. Danish offshore wind operator Ørsted has faced operational challenges. Rising material costs, higher interest rates and changes to government support for projects in the US led to significant write-downs to projects there, undermining our confidence in the management team's ability to allocate capital: we have decided to move on. M3, a Japanese provider of digital services for the healthcare system, is growing in complexity as it acquires more and bigger businesses in different geographies. We think this comes with execution risk, so the position was sold. In both cases we sold at a lower price to when we purchased shares in February 2021; both companies were among the bigger detractors to performance since then.

We are excited to have taken three new holdings, all quite different in terms of their business model and how they are driving change. Katitas is a Japanese company that refurbishes vacant homes to sell to first-time buyers at affordable prices. It is poised to benefit from structural changes with new homes being unsustainable, expensive and in short supply, while younger generations are more open to second-hand purchases. Its scale and unique expertise mean it dominates the pre-owned market.  We are excited about its ability to grow in this niche market while contributing to greater circularity.

Despite a weakening of demand for electric vehicles due to higher interest rates and weaker economies, we remain excited about investment opportunities associated with electrification of transportation. Rivian is a US company that makes electric SUVs, pick-up trucks and commercial vans. It is well poised to contribute to the electrification of the automotive sector with its strong brand, vertically integrated manufacturing business model and strong commitment to reducing carbon emissions.

Grab, South East Asia's leading platform for ride-hailing and food delivery services, is the third new holding. We expect demand for its services to grow as the region's economy expands and admire the competitive edge it has carved out through its network, scale and technology. We believe that its digital platform is playing a pivotal role in helping micro, small and medium sized enterprise (SME) owners scale their businesses, enhance their financial resilience and, importantly, improve their quality of life.

Positive Conversations

We recently published Positive Conversations, an annual report that focuses on the business practices of portfolio holdings, including the carbon footprint, outlines progress towards Net Zero alignment, and provides a record of our engagements with portfolio holdings. Through our engagements we aim to grow our understanding, build relationships with management teams and seek to influence where we think engagement can be of value to companies and society. The report includes detail on positive conversations with Illumina on strategy, governance and remuneration; with Moderna on vaccine equality; and with Tesla on supply chains. This report complements the Annual Impact Report which details how portfolio holdings are contributing towards a more sustainable and inclusive world across the four impact themes.

Outlook

'It's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see'⁴.

We can all look at inflation figures and the US Federal Reserve's most recent meeting minutes; or at the horrendous footage of the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East; anyone can look at charts illustrating the rise in global temperatures or the exponential spread of viruses. 

Looking around us we see a world facing significant environmental and social challenges; we see individuals and businesses innovating and developing new products and services or new business models that have the potential to address these global challenges. We see investment opportunities in businesses that are challenging the status quo. What we see is encapsulated in our dual objectives: to contribute towards a more sustainable, inclusive and healthier world while generating attractive investment returns for shareholders. To do this we endeavour to see what matters most, rather than being distracted by trying to predict short-term sentiment on interest rates or geopolitics.

It could be said that society is at a watershed moment in time, faced with the choice of continuing along the path we are on, or having the bravery, ambition and determined optimism needed to help steer us onto a more sustainable and inclusive trajectory.  

This watershed moment is rich with investment opportunities for the brave and ambitious. Some interesting areas we are exploring include the electrification of mining equipment, new treatments for obesity, and companies helping improve access to medication.

Thank you for seeing what we see in our philosophy; thank you for believing that we see things that others don't, and for sharing our excitement in that.

Kate Fox and Lee Qian

Portfolio Managers

2 May 2024

1 Hans Rosling, Swedish physician and academic.

2 Third party analyst expectations.

3 These statistics exclude private companies.

4 Henry David Thoreau - American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher

For a definition of terms see Glossary of Terms and Alternative Performance Measures at the end of this announcement.

Past performance is not a guide to future performance

List of investments

as at 31 March 2024

* Abbreviated as follows: Healthcare - Healthcare and quality of life; Social - Social inclusion and education; Environment - Environment and resource needs; Base - Base of the pyramid.

† For a definition of terms see Glossary of terms and Alternative Performance Measures at the end of this announcement.

# New purchase during the period. Complete sales during the period were: Ørsted, Daikin Industries, and M3. Chr Hansen merged with Novozymes to form Novonesis.

‡ Includes holdings in ordinary shares, preference shares and promissory notes.

^u Denotes unlisted/private company holding.

Baillie Gifford's approach to valuing private companies

We aim to hold our private company investments at 'fair value', i.e. the price that would be paid in an open-market transaction. Valuations are adjusted both during regular valuation cycles and on an ad hoc basis in response to 'trigger events'. Our valuation process ensures that private companies are valued in both a fair and timely manner.

The valuation process is overseen by a valuations group at Baillie Gifford, which takes advice from an independent third party (S&P Global). The valuations group is independent from the investment team, with all voting members being from different operational areas of the firm, and the investment managers

only receive final notifications once they have been applied.

We revalue the private holdings on a three-month rolling cycle, with one-third of the holdings reassessed each month. During stable market conditions, and assuming all else is equal, each investment would be valued twice in a six month period. For investment trusts, the prices are also reviewed twice per year, at the interim and financial year end, by the respective investment trust boards and are subject to the scrutiny of external auditors in the annual audit process.

Beyond the regular cycle, the valuations team also monitors the portfolio for certain 'trigger events'. These may include: changes in fundamentals; a takeover approach; an intention to carry out an Initial Public Offering ('IPO'); company news which is identified by the valuation team or by the portfolio managers, or significant changes to the valuation of comparable public companies. Any ad hoc change to the fair valuation of any holding is implemented swiftly and reflected in the next published net asset value. There is no delay.

The valuations team also monitors relevant market indices on a weekly basis and updates valuations in a manner consistent with our external valuer's (S&P Global) most recent valuation report where appropriate.

Portfolio companies split by impact theme

as at 31 March 2024

* For a definition of terms see Glossary of Terms and Alternative Performance Measures at the end of this announcement.

^u Denotes unlisted private company holding

Income statement (unaudited)

The total column of this statement represents the profit and loss account of the Company. The supplementary revenue and capital columns are prepared under guidance issued by the Association of Investment Companies.

All revenue and capital items in this statement derive from continuing operations.

A Statement of Comprehensive Income is not required as the Company does not have any other comprehensive income and the net return on ordinary activities after taxation is both the profit and total comprehensive income for the period.

Balance sheet (unaudited)

* For a definition of terms see Glossary of Terms and Alternative Performance Measures at the end of this announcement.

Statement of changes in equity (unaudited)

For the six months ended 31 March 2024

For the six months ended 31 March 2023

* The Capital reserve balance at 31 March 2024 includes investment holding losses of £12,785,000 (31 March 2023 - losses of £41,834,000).

Condensed cash flow statement (unaudited)

* Cash from operating activities includes dividends received of £798,000 (31 March 2023 - £588,000) and interest received of £6,000 (31 March 2023 - £10,000).

Notes to the condensed Financial Statements (unaudited)

1    Basis of accounting

The condensed Financial Statements for the six months to 31 March 2024 comprise the statements set out above together with the related notes below. They have been prepared in accordance with FRS 104 'Interim Financial Reporting' and the AIC's Statement of Recommended Practice issued in July 2022. They have not been audited or reviewed by the auditor pursuant to the Auditing Practices Board Guidance on 'Review of Interim Financial Information'. The condensed Financial Statements for the six months to 31 March 2024 have been prepared on the basis of the same accounting policies as set out in the Company's Annual Report and Financial Statements at 30 September 2023.

Going concern

The Directors have considered the Company's principal risks and uncertainties, as set out at the end of this announcement, together with the Company's current position, investment objective and policy, the level of demand for the Company's shares, the nature of its assets, its liabilities and projected income and expenditure. The Board has, in particular, considered the ongoing impact of geopolitical and macroeconomic challenges. The Company's assets, the majority of which are investments in listed securities which are readily realisable, exceed its liabilities significantly. The Board approves borrowing and gearing limits and reviews regularly the amounts of any borrowing and the level of gearing as well as compliance with borrowing covenants. The Company has continued to comply with the investment trust status requirements of section 1158 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 and the Investment Trust (Approved Company) Regulations 2011. Accordingly, the Directors consider it appropriate to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing these condensed Financial Statements and confirm that they are not aware of any material uncertainties which may affect the Company's ability to continue to do so over a period of at least twelve months from the date of approval of these condensed Financial Statements.

2    Financial information

The financial information contained within the Interim Financial Report does not constitute statutory accounts as defined in sections 434 to 436 of the Companies Act 2006. The financial information for the year ended 30 September 2023 has been extracted from the statutory accounts which have been filed with the Registrar of Companies. The Auditors' Report on those accounts was not qualified, did not include a reference to any matters to which the Auditors drew attention by way of emphasis without qualifying their report, and did not contain statements under sections 498(2) or (3) of the Companies Act 2006.

3       Investment management fee

Baillie Gifford & Co Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Baillie Gifford & Co, has been appointed by the Company as its Alternative Investment Fund Manager and Company Secretary. Baillie Gifford & Co Limited has delegated the investment management services to Baillie Gifford & Co.

The Management Agreement can be terminated on three months' notice. The annual management fee is 0.70% on the first £100 million of market capitalisation, 0.65% on the next £150 million of market capitalisation and 0.55% on the remaining market capitalisation. Management fees are calculated and payable on a quarterly basis. Market capitalisation is calculated using middle market quotations derived from the Stock Exchange Daily Official List and the weighted average number of shares in issue during the quarter.

4       Net return per ordinary share

The net return per ordinary share figures are based on the above totals of revenue and capital and the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue (excluding treasury shares) during each period.

There are no dilutive or potentially dilutive shares in issue.

5    Dividends

6    Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company's investments are financial assets held at fair value through profit or loss. The fair value hierarchy used to analyse the basis on which the fair values of financial instruments held at fair value through profit or loss are measured is described below. The levels are determined by the lowest (that is the least reliable or least independently observable) level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement for the individual investment in its entirety.

Level 1 - using unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in an active market;

Level 2 - using inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are directly or indirectly observable (based on market data); and

Level 3 - using inputs that are unobservable (for which market data is unavailable).

An analysis of the Company's financial asset investments based on the fair value hierarchy described above is shown below.

Investments held at fair value through profit or loss

The fair value of listed security investments is bid price or, in the case of FTSE 100 constituents and holdings on certain recognised overseas exchanges, last traded price. Listed Investments are categorised as Level 1 if they are valued using unadjusted quoted prices for identical instruments in an active market and as Level 2 if they do not meet all these criteria but are, nonetheless, valued using market data. Unlisted investments are valued at fair value by the Directors following a detailed review and appropriate challenge of the valuations proposed by the Managers. The Managers' unlisted investment policy applies methodologies consistent with the International Private Equity and Venture Capital Valuation guidelines ('IPEV'). These methodologies can be categorised as follows: (a) market approach (multiples, industry valuation benchmarks and available market prices); (b) income approach (discounted cash flows); and (c) replacement cost approach (net assets). The Company's holdings in unlisted investments are categorised as Level 3 as unobservable data is a significant input to their fair value measurements.

7    Bank loans

The Company has a 3 year £25 million multicurrency unsecured floating rate facility with The Royal Bank of Scotland International Limited which expires on 31 August 2024. At 31 March 2024 drawings were as follows: US$9.5 million at an interest rate of 1.25% over SOFR and £7.5 million at an interest rate of 1.25% over SONIA, both maturing in June 2024 (30 September 2023 - US$9.5 million and £7.5 million maturing in December 2023).

8    Cumulative preference shares

Long term creditors include 250,000 5% cumulative preference shares of £1 each. The preference shares dividend is paid bi-annually, in March and September.

9    Provision for tax liability

The tax liability provision at 31 March 2024 of nil (30 September 2023 - £7,000) relates to a potential tax liability for Indian capital gains tax that may arise on the Company's Indian investments should they be sold in the future, based on the net unrealised taxable gain at the period end and on enacted Indian tax rates. The amount of any future tax amounts payable may differ from this provision, depending on the value and timing of any future sales of such investments and future Indian tax rates.

10  Share capital: allotted, called up and fully paid

In the six months to 31 March 2024, the Company bought back 1,323,767 ordinary shares into treasury at a total cost of £2,924,000 and issued no new shares (six months to 31 March 2023 - no shares bought back, none issued).

At 31 March 2024 the Company had authority remaining to buy back 8,711,985 ordinary shares on an ad hoc basis as well as a general authority to issue shares and an authority to issue shares or sell shares from treasury on a non pre-emptive basis up to an aggregate nominal amount of £618,156. In accordance with authorities granted at the last Annual General Meeting in February 2024, buy-backs will only be made at a discount to net asset value and the Board has authorised use of the issuance authorities to issue new shares or sell shares from treasury at a premium to net asset value, in both cases in order to enhance the net asset value per share for existing shareholders and improve the liquidity of the Company's shares.

11  Related party transactions

There have been no transactions with related parties during the first six months of the current financial year that have materially affected the financial position or the performance of the Company during that period and there have been no changes in the related party transactions described in the last Annual Report and Financial Statements that could have had such an effect on the Company during that period.

None of the views expressed in this document should be construed as advice to buy or sell a particular investment.

Principal risks and uncertainties

The principal and emerging risks facing the Company are: the risk that the Company's strategy and business model are unsuccessful in achieving its investment objective; discount/premium risk; financial risk; gearing risk; operational risk; custody and depositary risk; climate and governance risk; political and associated economic risk; and regulatory risk. An explanation of these risks and how they are managed is set out on pages 41 to 45 of the Company's Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year to 30 September 2023 which is available on the Company's website: keystonepositivechange.com. The principal risks and uncertainties have not changed materially since the date of that report.

‡      Neither the contents of the Managers' website nor the contents of any website accessible from hyperlinks on the Managers' website (or any other website) is incorporated into, or forms part of, this announcement.

None of the views expressed in this document should be construed as advice to buy or sell a particular investment.

The Interim Financial Report will be available on the Company's page of the Managers' website keystonepositivechange.com‡ on or around 15 May 2024.

Third party data provider disclaimer

No third party data provider ('Provider') makes any warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness or timeliness of the data contained herewith nor as to the results to be obtained by recipients of the data.

No Provider shall in any way be liable to any recipient of the data for any inaccuracies, errors or omissions in the index data included in this document, regardless of cause, or for any damages (whether direct or indirect) resulting therefrom. No Provider has any obligation to update, modify or amend the data or to otherwise notify a recipient thereof in the event that any matter stated herein changes or subsequently becomes inaccurate.

Without limiting the foregoing, no Provider shall have any liability whatsoever to you, whether in contract (including under an indemnity), in tort (including negligence), under a warranty, under statute or otherwise, in respect of any loss or damage suffered by you as a result of or in connection with any opinions, recommendations, forecasts, judgements, or any other conclusions, or any course of action determined, by you or any third party, whether or not based on the content, information or materials contained herein.

MSCI index data

Source: MSCI. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form and may not be used as a basis for or a component of any financial instruments or products or indices. None of the MSCI information is intended to constitute investment advice or a recommendation to make (or refrain from making) any kind of investment decision and may not be relied on as such. Historical data and analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance analysis, forecast or prediction. The MSCI information is provided on an 'as is' basis and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates and each other person involved in or related to compiling, computing or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the 'MSCI Parties') expressly disclaims all warranties (including, without limitation, any warranties of originality, accuracy, completeness, timeliness, non-infringement, merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose) with respect to this information. Without limiting any of the foregoing, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including, without limitation, lost profits) or any other damages. (msci.com)

Glossary of terms and alternative performance measures ('APM')

Total assets

This is the Company's definition of Adjusted Total Assets, being the total value of all assets held less all liabilities (other than liabilities in the form of borrowings).

Net asset value

When a Company's borrowings are all short-term, flexible facilities, Net Asset Value (NAV) equates to shareholders' funds, being the value of all assets held less all liabilities (including borrowings). Per share amounts are calculated by dividing the relevant figure by the number of ordinary shares in issue (excluding shares held in treasury). For the current period, the difference between borrowings at book value, borrowings at par and borrowings at market value is negligible and no reconciliation between NAV at book/par value and NAV at fair value is provided, as the NAV per share is the same on both bases. For the year to 30 September 2023, a reconciliation is provided below, as the NAV per share differs by 0.1p owing to roundings.

Net asset value per share (APM)

Discount/Premium (APM)

An investment trust's share price is rarely the same as its NAV. When the share price is lower than the NAV per share it is said to be trading at a discount. The size of the discount is calculated by subtracting the NAV per share from the share price and is usually expressed as a percentage of the NAV per share. If the share price is higher than the NAV per share, this situation is called a premium.

Net liquid assets

Net liquid assets comprises current assets less current liabilities excluding borrowings.

Total return (APM)

The total return is the return to shareholders after reinvesting the net dividend on the date that the share price goes ex-dividend. In periods where no dividend is paid, the total return equates to the capital return.

* The dividend adjustment factor is calculated on the assumption that the dividends paid by the Company during the period were reinvested into shares of the Company at the cum income NAV/share price at the relevant ex-dividend date.

Active share (APM)

Active share, a measure of how actively a portfolio is managed, is the percentage of the portfolio that differs from its comparative index. It is calculated by deducting from 100 the percentage of the portfolio that overlaps with the comparative index. An active share of 100 indicates no overlap with the index and an active share of zero indicates a portfolio that tracks the index.

Treasury shares

The Company has the authority to make market purchases of its ordinary shares for retention as treasury shares for future reissue, resale, transfer, or for cancellation. Treasury shares do not receive distributions and the Company is not entitled to exercise the voting rights attaching to them.

Private (unlisted) company

A private or unlisted company means a company whose shares are not available to the general public for trading and are not listed on a stock exchange.

Gearing (APM)

At its simplest, gearing is borrowing. Just like any other public company, an investment trust can borrow money to invest in additional investments for its portfolio. The effect of the borrowing on the shareholders' assets is called 'gearing'. If the Company's assets grow, the shareholders' assets grow proportionately more because the debt remains the same. But if the value of the Company's assets falls, the situation is reversed. Gearing can therefore enhance performance in rising markets but can adversely impact performance in falling markets.

Gross gearing, also referred to as potential gearing is the Company's borrowings expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds (a ÷ c in the table below).

Net gearing, also referred to as invested gearing is borrowings at book value less cash and cash equivalents (any certificates of deposit are not deducted) and brokers' balances expressed as a percentage of shareholders' funds (b ÷ c in the table below).

- Ends -